Solar flares observed by the RNO-G neutrino detector in Greenland

This gallery shows solar flares observed in RNO-G. The time domain data of some of these flares recorded in 2022 and 2023 was used to validate the pointing of the detector in the publication: arXiv:2404.14995, prepared for submission to Astronomy&Astrophysics.

Check out https://radio.uchicago.edu to get more details on the instrument.

For access to the data and/or further information, please contact authors@rno-g.org.

Solar flare on 2022-06-28 07:46

Type III flare 07:46 UTC on June 28, 2022

The flare triggers predominantly the surface LPDAs in stations 12 and 23. In station 12 it is evident, that the flare has increased the trigger threshold in the lower rate of surface triggers after the flare compared to before. Station 21 is closest to Summit Camp, and is more exposed to anthropogenic noise. The higher threshold of the surface component thus leads to deep triggers during the flare.

Solar flare on 2022-07-15 09:26

Type III 'family' 09:26 UTC on July 15, 2022

Only the first of the brighter type III's leads to a significant number of triggered events. In the spectrograms however it is followed by a similarly bright partner. The couple is accompanied by two smaller 'children'.

Solar flare on 2022-08-15 15:52

Several type III flares 15:52 UTC on August 15, 2022

While the spectrograms reveal multiple discernible type III flares spread over serveral minutes, only one of them i able to consistently surpass the trigger threshold in all stations.

Solar flare on 2022-09-29 11:52

Bright type III flare with type II ringdown 11:52 UTC on September 29, 2022

... and a zoom to the flaring region:

Solar flare on 2022-09-29 11:52

The bright type III flare led to high trigger rates in all stations. The subsequeny type II is drifting away from the solar photosphere to lower frequencies over ~15 minutes and is only visible in the surface LPDA spectra, but does not trigger the RNO-G stations.

Solar flare on 2023-04-19 12:26

Flare 12:26 UTC on April 19, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-04-20 12:16

Type III flare 12:16 UTC on April 20, 2023

An isolated burst of events seen in stations 11 and 21. Unfortunately the other stations were not taking data for this flare.

Solar flare on 2023-04-21 17:58

Type III flare 17:58 UTC on April 21, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-04-29 13:20

Type III preceded by anthropogenic noise 13:20 UTC on April 29, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-01 14:27

Anthropogenic noise with underlying flare 14:27 UTC on May 01, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-08 08:21

Bright isolated type III flare 08:21 UTC on May 08, 2023

This isolated flare is visible in the spectrograms beyond 350 MHz and coincidently triggers all stations.

Solar flare on 2023-05-08 20:18

Type III flare with U-shape at low frequencies 20:20 UTC on May 08, 2023

... and a zoom to the flaring region:

Solar flare on 2023-05-08 20:20

Solar flare on 2023-05-09 18:45

Flare 18:45 UTC on May 09, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-11 08:52

Type III flare 08:52 UTC on May 11, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-19 19:09

Flare 19:09 UTC on May 19, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-24 15:23

Series of type III flares 15:23 UTC on May 24, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-27 13:05

Type III flare 13:05 UTC on May 27, 2023

While a less strong additional type III flare is still visible in the surface spectrograms 1.5 minutes later, only the main flaring activity surpasses the trigger threshold in the RNO-G stations.

Solar flare on 2023-06-01 12:56

Type III flare 12:56 UTC on June 01, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-06-05 18:29

Series of type III flares 18:29 UTC on June 05, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-06-21 12:52

Type III flare 12:52 UTC on June 21, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-06-22 08:18

Type III flare 08:18 UTC on June 22, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-06-23 10:31

Type III flare 10:31 UTC on June 23, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-06-24 12:11

Two distinct type III trigger rate spikes 12:11 UTC on June 24, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-02 02:33

Narrow-bandish substructure inside slowly drifting type II flare 02:33 UTC on July 02, 2023

A distinct narrowband feature inside the flare is able to trigger the RNO-G stations. In the spectrograms, the harmonics for the type II are visible, towards the end of the window, the flare shows up in the low-frequency Callisto instrument.

Solar flare on 2023-07-04 06:37

Type III twins 06:37 UTC on July 04, 2023

A twin pair of type III bursts occuring within 3 minutes. Just as in real live, one twin might be more impulsive than the other, and trigger more stations.

Solar flare on 2023-07-08 20:04

Type III flare 20:04 UTC on July 08, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-10 00:25

Type III flare 00:25 UTC on July 10, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-11 23:09

Burst of events in broadband continuum emission 23:09 UTC on July 11, 2023

On July 11, 2022, broadband emission was also observed over many hours in various Callisto stations. The trigger rates and spectra show fluctuation over an extended period of time. Note that the trigger rate excess here occured during night, where no human activity near the stations is expected.

Solar flare on 2023-07-12 14:00

Series of bright type III flares 14:00 UTC on July 12, 2023

The series of individual type III flares is spread over several minutes and allows 'tracking' of the Sun on the sky.

Solar flare on 2023-07-13 14:55

Weak type III cornered by triggering narrowband noise 14:55 UTC on July 13, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-15 10:04

Type III flares 10:04 UTC on July 15, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-16 15:05

Type III flaring activity 15:05 UTC on July 16, 2023

Strong type III activity with at least three individual bursts able to trigger all RNO-G stations. Narrowband background source is visible ~2 minutes before the flare.

Solar flare on 2023-05-22 13:30

Flaring activity, and additional anthropogenic narrowband noise 13:30 UTC on May 22, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-05-27 11:00

Type III flare 11:00 UTC on May 27, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-07-17 11:49

Type III flare 11:49 UTC on July 17, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-08-12 12:13

Type III flare 12:13 UTC on August 12, 2023

Solar flare on 2023-09-21 12:48

Type III flare 12:48 UTC on September 21, 2023

This type III is strong and extended enough to trigger stations for over a minute. Note that the time offset at that time is a known issue to HUMAIN.

Solar flare on 2023-09-22 16:32

Type III flares 16:32 UTC on September 22, 2023

Two strong type III's triggering all stations, followed by another, weaker, type III a few minutes later.

Solar flare on 2023-09-22 17:12

Three distinct and overlapping Type III flares 17:12 UTC on September 22, 2023